But as miners sought to remove more coal, shafts were dug deeper below the water line. Although all but one were acquitted of treason charges, others were found guilty of murder and spent years in prison. Working in coal mines is dangerous miners have to deal with toxic gases, plus the threat of being crushed, drowned, or injured from fires and explosions. Families would work together in a team and the amount of money they earned depended on how much coal they brought up to the surface. The doctor came to my house almost every day. A 40-year old married miner (three kids) earning 130 a week and made redundant after 15 years would get 16,950 in redundancy pay. The company built and controlled the housing, the commissary (or store), and many of the other amenities, such as the amusement hall, available to workers and their families. Miners often carried open flames into the mines in the form of candles and hanging lamps, and later wore the open flames of carbide lamps and oil-wick lamps on their caps and helmets. in his study of southern West Virginia coal miners in the early 1900s: If a coal miner survived a month of work in the mines, he was paid not in U.S. currency but in metals and paper (called coal scrip), which was printed by the coal company. Open flames could ignite the inflammable gas especially prevalent in coal mines and mining explosions with hundreds of casualtieswas a common occurrence in the late 19th and early 20th century. when did english replace french as the language of diplomacy; radio stations in new jersey; tsunami mod minecraft curseforge; vn 03 2022 digitech weather station reset. January 19, 2018. Who is stronger the Winged Dragon of Ra or Exodia? 6d. 1 How much did Coal miners get paid in the 1930s UK? Study now. A study in the Monthly Labor Review from 1936 attempted to gather and analyze wage data of unskilled and semiskilled laborers in 1935. excavators wearing their own "long water boots" 4s. Below is a list of wages from a variety of jobs in 1900. Even miners who had been on the job for years rarely made more than a few dollars each week one 1902 account claimed a daily salary of $1.60 for a ten-hour shift. Coal Mines. Scrip was usually denominated in the same values as U.S. currency. Washington, D.C. Email powered by MailChimp (Privacy Policy & Terms of Use), A miners light was essential to their labor. Company towns like the Stonega coal camp near the town of Appalachia, Virginia, included the mine and related mining facilities, as well as houses, a commissary (company store), and amusement hall. The gunfight in downtown Matewan on May 19, 1920, had all the elements of a high-noon showdown: on one side, the heroes, a pro-union sheriff and mayor; on the other, the dastardly henchmen of the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency. Coal production increased during the first few months of the conflict. A study in the Monthly Labor Review from 1936 attempted to gather and analyze wage data of unskilled and semiskilled laborers in 1935. For capitalists, it was a battle for profitand against what they saw as Bolshevik communism. During a major postwar wave of strikes, a UMW strike yields not only a contract, but also a new company-paid, union-administered UMWA American Welfare and Retirement Fund. In the early days of the Gold Rush, a miner could earn a typical years wages in a few days. Wages. Carbide lamps often came with a reflector, allowing this brighter flame to be directed and giving the miner a wider range of light. Wiki User. Registered: 8 years ago. 3rd Street in Heilwood, circa 1942. I made the average of what we contract miners are paid; but, as I said before, I am not much better off than when I started. . from 64.3 cents to 78.2 cents in 1928. Civil Service Employee $1,280. In 1915, according to statistics prepared in 1933 by the late Mark Woodley, a former mine operator, miners' pay went to $3 a day or .60 cents a ton. Feb. last such average wage was 6s. A strong, skilled coal loader might fill five or more cars in a day. Gender and unemployment. The middle 57% of Coal Miners makes between $53,905 and $133,947, with the top 86% making $294,800. Harding creates the US Federal Coal Commission to study working conditions in the coal fields. Best Answer. Mr. Ralph Howell. Even miners who had been on the job for years rarely made more than a few dollars each week one 1902 account claimed a daily salary of $1.60 for a ten-hour shift. Wilde, Robert. The coal miners life was a hard one. Women also worked underground during the Great Depression, but they so in illegal mines. Here are 25 images from the 1930s and 1940s that provide some insight into coal work and workers during those decades. The two sides came to a head in the conflict in Matewan. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. terry51. Loggers or miners lived in camps and had their food come out of their wages. Today, that would be about $4.50 an hour. This would have been around 1918. Managers worried about competition, costs, and controlling workers who spoke multiple languages and labored out of view. diy back handspring trainer. When Hatfield was acquitted in a local trial by jury, Felts brought a conspiracy charge against him, forcing the police chief to appear in court once more. Miners in Harlan County, Kentucky, have drawn national attention with their direct action occupying a railroad track to halt a coal train until the miners get paid the wages they . Miners and their families gather around the company store and office. He says local wisdom had it that, If you got a mule killed in the mines and you were in charge, you could lose your job over it. They believed they were fighting the onslaught of Communism. How much did a coal miner make in 1930? Wales was famous for its coal mining, in the Rhondda Valley, the South Wales Valleys and throughout the South Wales coalfield and by 1913 Barry had become the largest coal exporting port in the world, A study in the Monthly Labor Review from 1936 attempted to gather and analyze wage data of unskilled and semiskilled laborers in 1935. How Did The War Affect The Lives Of Coal Miners And Their Families. The Lehigh Navigation Coal Company was formed in 1930, essentially as a holding company for the LCNC and other companies. The company went out of business in 1965. The Great Depression and the union troubles of the early 1930s had distracted miners from the original meaning of Davis Day and their memories of the struggle of 1925 had faded over time. Even miners who had been on the job for years rarely made more than a few dollars each week one 1902 account claimed a daily salary of $1.60 for a ten-hour shift. Posts: 10. Coal was discovered in Kentucky in 1750. what is nick montana doing now; douglas county elections 2021 results; Coal 30.85 24.86 19.6 Metalliferous Mining 30.12 18.63 38.2 Public Utilities 29.56 28.58 3.3 Trade, Retail and Wholesale 25.10 21.95 12.6 Class I Railroads 32.62 27.15 16.8 'It should be repeated that the samples from which these earnings are derived are of unequal value, so tisat much greater reliance can be placed on How much were miners paid in the 1920s? Wilde, Robert. 2015-12-18 02:34:13. Daily rates of pay for inside and outside employees, including contract miners and laborers, went up to 35 cents a day on the effective date of the agreement. How much did Coal miners get paid in the 1900s. Chart Illustrating 1842 Commissioners' Findings into Wages. Even worse, the UMWA experienced a significant decline in membership throughout the 1920s, and in 1924 the UMWA district that included Matewan lost its local autonomy because of the incident. During the depths of the Great Depression in the mid-1930s, 16 million people or one-third of the American workforce at the time were out of work. Working conditions were brutal for coal miners, and unionization was violently suppressed. 5d. It had no bath or toilet. In point of fact I have a number of pay sheets which show cases in which men work five or six days and 171 only take home for themselves and their wives and their families sums far below that. Elmer Doolin was an ice cream traveling salesman in 1932. Increased competition, due to a continuous stream of immigrants and migrants from other parts of the U.S., also drove down wages. Average wage in mining is $123,844. Many miners objected to using safety lamps because they were cumbersome, could not be worn on the cap, and gave a poor light, all serving to reduce a miners efficiency. Entry level positions start at $39,000 per year while most experienced workers make up to $70,200 per year. florida man september 21, 2000 how much did coal miners get paid in the 1930s It was key to the Industrial Revolution. Around 1850, the oil-wick cap lamp was invented in Scotland. Mine Workers Homes on 2nd Street, circa 1940. Coal miners were paid by the amount and quality of the coal they produced, and they could be fined if there was too much "slack" (the smaller pieces). What are the multiple roles of a successful introductory paragraph? A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A COAL MINERS FAMILY IN THE 1930'S - E LOTE MINING IN ALDRIDGE STEAM POWERED LORRIES OF THE ALDRIDGE COLLIERY CO.LTD. In total, the average entrance rate for common labor was $0.45 an hour, with a low of $0.15 and a high of $0.95. For workers, it was a fight for their rights as humans. A miners pay envelope, showing take-home pay of $.22 for two weeks in 1939. What are the benefits of believing in God? rever de voir quelqu'un sauter dans le vide. How much money does a coal miner make a month? Most workers in heavy industry and agriculture, who were male, were paid proportionately more than female workers in the same or other sectors. Coal production increased during the first few months of the conflict. Miner's Certificate Stubs, late 1930s (6 boxes) Miner's Certificate Stubs, 1939-1965 (25 boxes) Also present are twenty-six microfilm rolls. The entire event was covered rabidly by the national press, says Chatham University historian Louis Martin, who is also a founding member of the West Virginia Mine Wars Museum. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Wages. Either way, the visiting miners had the rare support of pro-union Matewan police chief, Sid Hatfield, and the towns mayor, Cabell Testerman. 4d., or 12 4s. win harry styles tickets toronto; 10 examples of exothermic reactions in everyday life; feyre and rhysand fanfiction lemon Women also worked underground during the Great Depression, but they so in illegal mines. But as miners sought to remove more coal, shafts were dug deeper below the water line. With so much cash on hand, stores and boarding houses charged unheard-of prices for food, shelter and supplies. How much did miners get paid a day in 1915? National Industrial Recovery Act passed to regulate industrial prices and wages in the interest of economic recovery, and to promote development of public works. All the coal mines in Britain were purchased by the government in 1947 and put under the control of the National Coal Board (NCB). Some miners love it. how much did coal miners get paid in the 1930s how much did coal miners get paid in the 1930s 30 June 2022 . These employees are engaged in-the production of anthra How much did Coal miners get paid in the [] The labor upsurge during and after World War I, 1914 to 1920, when union membership climbed from roughly two million to five million. The oil-wick cap lamp issued a bare flame, giving off enough light for miners to see what was in front of their face, but not much further. Harlan County War, also referred to as "Bloody Harlan," consisted of a vast amount of coal miners and union organizers fighting against coal firms and the law enforcement. Most Valuable 2000 Topps Football Cards. I have had fairly good work since was married. Coal miners were paid by the amount and quality of the coal they produced, and they could be fined if there was too much "slack" (the smaller pieces). Faced with a coal shortage and the threat of more violence, President Harding successfully presses to settle the strike in August. The potential dangers were always there for them and their families. U.S. coal mining industry jobs lost by state Q4 2011-Q4 2016 Non-metallic mining industry jobs New Zealand 2009-2021 Value of wages and salaries in the coal mining industry Australia FY 2012-2020 Not many old men are found in the mines. Nine out of 10 Appalachian men do not receive college degrees; some dont even finish high school. Full-time and part-time employees, 2004. how much did coal miners get paid in the 1930s. It wasnt uncommon for much of that money to be clawed back by the mining company, either. Why was mining important to the economy of Wales? But between 1900 and 1979 fatality rates per ton of coal mined and per ton-mile of freight carried fell by 97 percent. 1934. It became important in the Industrial Revolution of the 19th and 20th centuries, when it was primarily used to power steam engines, heat buildings and generate electricity. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The miners' crouch eases stomach muscles. Although World War I briefly distracted union organizers and coal companies from their feud, the fighting soon picked back up again. 1034-1035. The average coal miner gross salary in West Virginia, United States is $53,632 or an equivalent hourly rate of $26. At this time, mining productivity in south Wales was something like 300 tonnes of coal per person, per year, says Curtis. Anthracite Mining Industry, 193066 Introduction 1930-51 Miners employed in the Nations hard coal field have been represented in their dealings with the operators by the United Mine Workers of America (ind.) It is an endless routine of dull plodding world from nine years until deatha sort of voluntary life imprisonment. bricklayers, carpenters, masons, smiths 6s. Open flames could ignite the inflammable gas especially prevalent in coal mines and mining explosions with hundreds of casualties, Before 1850, miners would use candles or small lamps that were hung from crevices or hammered into timbers near their work. Farmers could not sell their crops and lost their land, families defaulted on their home mortgage loans, and young people from the region began leaving for the cities to find work and a better life. Child coal miners with mules in Gary, West Virginia in 1908. In the early days of the Gold Rush, a miner could earn a typical years wages in a few days. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The early 20th century was the deadliest time for miners in the history of the United States. Source: Miners wages and the cost of coal: an inquiry into the wages system, pp. Elmer Doolin was an ice cream traveling salesman in 1932. Following the 1910 strike, however, the men went back to work at the restored 1907 rate. Airline Pilot $8,000. how much did coal miners get paid in the 1930s But between 1900 and 1979 fatality rates per ton of coal mined and per ton-mile of freight carried fell by 97 percent. But for Terry Steele, a former coal miner in West Virginia and member of the local UMWA, revolting was the only way to respond to abuse. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The salaries of Coal Miners in the US range from $11,105 to $294,800 , with a median salary of $53,905 . However, at least two companies issued a piece denominated three cents. Re: Coal Miner Hewer Wages. A study in the Monthly Labor Review from 1936 attempted to gather and analyze wage data of unskilled and semiskilled laborers in 1935. $32k - $76k. in The Tredegar Workmens Medical Aid and Sick Relief Fund was founded in 1890, bringing together a number of schemes run by benevolent societies in the town and the Health and Education Fund that had been set up in the early 1870s by the Tredegar Iron and Coal Company. 25. In 1907, Monongah mines number 6 and number 8 exploded, killing 362 miners. Miners then were not paid by the hour, but instead by how much they mined. The middle 60% of Gold Miners makes $48,550, with the top 80% making $70,360. Because only the company that printed the coal scrip honored it, or would redeem it, the Families would work together in a team and the amount of money they earned depended on how much coal they brought up to the surface. asked the Secretary of State for Employment what were the basic wages and overall pay of unskilled and skilled miners for 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1973. Lejunior, Harlan County, Kentucky. 5,0000000000000,00000000000000000,000000000000000. What industry that existed before 1700 used coal, but it came from coal mines that were near to the surface and the coal was relatively easy to get to. The Samuel Commission of 1925 identified problems of deficient demand and surplus capacity. They earned an average of $7.03 per start or day in 1922, $6.60 in 1924, and $6.46 in 1926, and in the half month they earned $62.30 in 1922, $54.44 in 1924, and $61.61 in 1926. She has previously written for The Atlantic, Salon, Nautilus and others. comma before as well as ap style Hello world!how much did coal miners get paid in the 1930s, how to check compiler version in visual studio 2019, are there alligators in lake wateree, south carolina, riverside public utilities assistance program, molly of denali: learn about nature and community, Who Is The Weakest Otsutsuki Member?does Morning Mean Death, Azure Web App Authentication Active Directory. An entry-level Coal Mine Worker with less than 1 year experience can expect to earn an average total compensation (includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay) of $18.15 based on 11 salaries. This created close comradeship and tight knit mining communities. | By 1938, real wages were at 107.7% of their 1930 level. That same day, the town of Matewan was teeming with a number of unemployed miners who came to receive a few dollars, sacks of flour and other foodstuffs from the union to prevent their families from starving. their control over the land to control their labor force. The Coal strike of 1902 (also known as the anthracite coal strike) was a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coalfields of eastern Pennsylvania. Wales was famous for its coal mining, in the Rhondda Valley, the South Wales Valleys and throughout the South Wales coalfield. In 1896 my wife was sick eleven weeks. It had no bath or toilet. in Below Ground he Comes Out of the Cage: The 500ft. Their pay varies from $1.10 to $1.25, from which sum they supply their own lamps, cotton and oil. Coal auger used to drill coal in the Heilwood mines. 4.06. What was life like for miners in the late 1800s? 4 What were miners wages and the cost of coal used for? This is 10% lower (-$6,190) than the average coal miner salary in the United States. Friedman said that miners often work 47 or 48 hours per week, clocking multiple 10- to 12-hour shifts, which is above the national average for workers, which is about 38 hours per week. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In 1907, Monongahmines number 6 and number 8 exploded, killing 362 miners. How much did a coal miner make in 1930? During the 1920s, coal mining was beset by low demand and foreign competition, and between 1921 and 1925, the government subsidised the industry. How much does a Coal Miner make? excavators wearing their own "long water boots" 4s. Increased competition, due to a continuous stream of immigrants and migrants from other parts of the U.S., also drove down wages. More than 5,000 miners laid down their guns and the . In coal-mining regions, the fastest boys were put to work as spraggers. 294-295. Miner's Certificate Stubs, late 1930s (6 boxes) Miner's Certificate Stubs, 1939-1965 (25 boxes) Also present are twenty-six microfilm rolls. For centuries people in Britain had made do with charcoal if they needed a cheap and easy way to acquire fuel. How many hours a week does a coal miner work? This is the story of British coal mining, told through BBC radio and TV broadcasts from the last 70 years and a gallery of images from the 1930s. Without light there was no sight, no work, and no wages. Ditech Settlement Check, Strikes occured which resulted in an increase to the princely sum of 7 shillings per day. What was life like for miners in the late 1800s? $15 - $30. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Workers focused on the pace of work, safety, and wages. 500ft. However, by March 1915, 191,170 miners joined the armed forces. It was key to the Industrial Revolution. 4.21d, and that for the present year down to the 26th. terry51. 7d., it would bring the total average wage up to 2130 7s. Copyright 2023 Wisdom-Advices | All rights reserved. The average earnings per man-shift worked in all districts, however, in the quarter ended 30th June, 1920, were l6s. During the industrial coal boom between 1880 and 1923, more than 70,000 miners died on the job. How much did a coal miner make in 1930? 5d. How much did Coal miners get paid in the 1920s? The teams wages would be paid to the collier who was hewing or cutting the coal, who was often the father of the children he worked with. In 1913 Stag Canon Mine number 2 in Dawson, New Mexico exploded killing 263 miners. Today, that would be about $4.50 an hour. The showdown may sound almost cinematic, but the reality of the coal miners armed standoffs throughout the early 20th century was much darker and more complicated. for the year 1929, but I find that the average wage actually paid in the mining industry in 1929 was 118 16s. But this essential light was also lethal. Bullard Company in San Francisco, California, or the plastic Skullgard or Comfo-Cap manufactured by the Mine Safety Appliances Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Miners pay that year was at a lower rate than it had been in 1906 and 1907 when day workers received $2.70 and tonnage men .48 cents a ton. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. 8. 4d., or 12 4s. Locals had a reputation for being violent and unreasonable. According to one version of the story, the Baldwin-Felts agents tried to arrest Hatfield when he attempted to prevent the evictions from taking place. But as miners sought to remove more coal, shafts were dug deeper below the water line. The runner is a conductor who collects the loaded cars and directs the driver. Today the remaining mines are nonunion. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The companies established settlements for workers located next to the coal mines. Unions were anathema to them simply because human labor was one of the few cost items that could be manipulated and lowered.. Mullins was a fifth-generation coal miner. Whether the men also came in anticipation of taking action against the Baldwin-Felts agents is a matter of debate. How much did Coal miners get paid in the [] 1930. Sanitary and living conditions in the company houses were abysmal, wages were low, and state politicians supported wealthy coal company owners rather than miners. He happens to be a man with three children. The combination of perilous working conditions and miner-guard tensions led to a massive strike in 1912 in southern West Virginia (Matewan sits on the states southern border with Kentucky). 1938. audio Street Musicians - Welsh Miners' Choir In coal-mining regions, the fastest boys were put to work as spraggers. Source: BLS Monthly labor review, Oct 1930, pp. how much did coal miners get paid in the 1930s. 1930. Cal Fire Statewide Radio Call Plan 2020, Coal price by city, 1930 Shows price per ton in a variety of US cities and areas between Aug 1929-Aug 1930. On May 19, Baldwin-Felts agents arrived in Matewan to evict miners and their families from Stone Mountain Coal Company housing. What Is A Common Paymaster, The average weekly wage (in New Money) for miners working below ground in Stoke-on-Trent between 1920-1938 was: 1920. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Study now. Either the Hard Boiled brand of helmet made by E.D. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The acetylene gas that powered the flame burned cleanly, relieving the miner from the smoke and soot from oil lamps. 1900 miner's wages by coal size. What Is the Average Underground Coal Mining Salary by State. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Coal was needed in vast quantities for the Industrial Revolution. For example, some western U.S. coal that occur at depths in excess of 60 m (200 ft) are mined by the open pit methods, due to thickness of the seam 2025 metres (6090 feet). This was a romanticized version of events, creating an Old West type image of Appalachia. Daily rates of pay for inside and outside employees, including contract miners and laborers, went up to 35 cents a day on the effective date of the agreement. 90%. $30.30. In 1932, wages were at 96.3 % of their 1930 level, while prices were at 91.1%, meaning that real wages had actually risen. What was the pay scale like for coal miners in 1920 in the United States? For Bailey, its easy to see this story in terms of good and eviland that ignores the nuance of the story. That workforce expanded from 109,000 in 1830 to 1,095,000 in 1913. Here are 25 images from the 1930s and 1940s that provide some insight into coal work and workers during those decades. But these people were being abused.. Families would work together in a team and the amount of money they earned depended on how much coal they brought up to the surface. With as much as the media loves to rush to anything coal mining related around election time, it's funny to see them pretty much ignoring the coal miners in Kentucky that are blocking train tracks to prevent coal from being transported from the bankrupt company unless they get their back pay. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". 1926. below what the minimum might have been if a percentage had been added to . Grants For Vision Therapy, 2015-12-18 02:34:13. Study now. These records include employee cards and applications. These lamps were worn on soft caps that offered little in the way of protection and were mainly worn for the convenience of having a light source in front of the miner's face. Eagle Bank Arena Covid Vaccine, The things our forefathers stood for are now being taken away from us. Machine and mechanical miners received an additional 60 cents a day. Most white rioters were members of the Knights of Labor, which had fomented anti-Chinese sentiment. Colorado Coal Strike begins, culminating in the "Ludlow Massacre" in April 1914. It also did the brunt of the work suppressing unionization in coal mining townsand today, the Baldwin-Felts men were there to kick out men who had joined the UMWA. Miners demand union recognition, rights to free speech and assembly, participation in coal-weighing process, ending of company store's monopoly. These were the three worst coal mine disasters in the U.S. history, prompting Congress to establish the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1910. View object record. How did families make money in the coal industry? Because only the company that printed the coal scrip honored it, or would redeem it, the By 1850, approximately half of Kanawha Countys slaves worked in the salt industrymany mined coal to fuel the furnaces. The average earnings per man-shift worked in all districts, however, in the quarter ended 30th June, 1920, were l6s. Water Bending Spell, These wages were often essential for a familys survival. How much did coal miners get paid in the 1930s? These employees are engaged in-the production of anthra 7d. The Great Depression and the union troubles of the early 1930s had distracted miners from the original meaning of Davis Day and their memories of the struggle of 1925 had faded over time. Although mining was hard work and dangerous, compared with other manual jobs working underground was relatively well paid. Wages. By the late 1930s, employment in mining had fallen by more than one-third from its pre-strike peak of 1.2 million miners, but productivity had rebounded from under 200 tons produced per miner to over 300 tons by the outbreak in 1939 of the Second World War. In the 1930s, miners lay on their sides and used picks to work the coal, which was then loaded on to carts and pulled out of the shaft by pit ponies. how to check compiler version in visual studio 2019 304-539-8172; how often do twin flames come together [email protected] Then, as now, many workers in the United States were earning more than the minimum wage. Quality coal was what owners required, but managers determined the standards for quality coal. 24. But for one group of people, employment rates actually went up: women. Carbide lamps were still used with hard protective helmets, but helmets that used electric lamps often had a cord holder to keep the cord out of the miners way. Ben Shahn. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. A fire in Cherry Mine in Cherry, Illinois killed 259 miners in 1909. Tech Tips & Tricks Blog in Hindi windows 11 start menu all apps default. The things they were fighting for [in the Matewan massacre] are the things were fighting for today, Terry Steele says. Coal miners were paid by the amount and quality of the coal they produced, and they could be fined if there was too much "slack" (the smaller pieces). In part, this can be explained by increased competition, not only from other countries producing coal but also from cheaper substitute fuels. This was mainly due to a greater commitment of the labour force in maximizing output. 28 Chinese coal miners murdered by whites in Rock Springs, Wyoming, three years after the passage of the Chinese exclusion act.
how much did coal miners get paid in the 1930s