5 What kind of government did the Kassites have? Volume 1 Kardunia. 131 f.). The Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections makes a very strong argument that it is not representing Israel but the field is quite divided on this piece. They continued to refer to such units after they had taken control over cities. 3, 1973, pp. The Hittites had carried off the idol of the god Marduk, but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 1750-1650 BC), and next an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1650 BC. 287-90. . According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC), son of Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. In addition, no Kassite anthroponyms and toponyms are recorded in these regions according to the above-mentioned early sources. Remember that Hebrews existed before the Egyptian captivity. Armstrong, James A. 209-23. The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: The Absurd History Of Papal Edicts Concerning Jews, How Well Do You Know Your Bible? Selves Engraved on Stone: Seals and Identity in the Ancient Near East, ca. Foster and D. Gutas, Monographs on the Ancient Near East 2/3, Malibu, 1986. Jesus is the culmination of His ancestors' expectation of the fulfillment of the Edenic Promise. The Kassites strove to be integrated in the culture of the conquered land. Aktuelle Forschungsprobleme in der vorderasiatischen Archologie, Hildesheim, 1995, pp. Brinkman, J. (2012). But a Bible verse got me back to reading the Bible again. There is a radical change of the administrative terminology. M. Stol, Studies in Old Babylonian History, Publications de lInstitut historique-archologique nerlandais de Stamboul 40, Leiden, 1975. 88 f.) suggest that Babylon was resettled as early as ca. 24 f., 33 f., 38 f., 45, 54, 57, 66 f., 68 ff., 82 ff., 92 ff.). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archologie, Daniel A. Nevez, 'Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur', Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kassites&oldid=1137673460, States and territories established in the 16th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Son of Burnaburiash I, Grandson of Agum-Kakrime, Possible campaigns against "The Sealand" and "in Dilmun". the Babylonian Tradition in the Second Millennium B.C. 144 ff.). [in:], Biggs, Robert D. A Letter from Kassite Nippur. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. [57] The images created by these seals were unique to each seal, but many shared the same subject matter. 234-37; idem, 1984, pp. Yanoam, is not known (maybe Yaknoam). Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archologie, 105(2), 255-257. Thereafter, Kassite groups and individuals are recorded in northern Babylonia, especially around Sippar Yahrurum (see Zadok, 1987, pp. Adding the years given by the King List to that date would place the beginning of the dynasty in the 18th century BCE, when rulers of the Hammurabi dynasty controlled Babylon. (1998, pp. 850-98. Large Map of the Roman Empire in the Early First Century - Click around on the Places. They had encountered many different kingdoms and tribes before they reached their destination. The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC (middle chronology). ). His body was never found and also coincidentally there was no chariots available for other wars for quite a while after that. Genesis 2:14 gives the location of the Garden of Eden. KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. The event is recorded in Genesis 12. These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . Kassites after the fall of the Kassite dynasty. 1-48. Did Jesus or The New Testament Authors Quote from The Apocryphal Books? 131149, 1949, O. R. Gurney, Further Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Sumer, vol. The mosaic glass beakers are thought to have been heirlooms, possibly for ritual use the find spot being a temple. Aarhus Univ. The Bible, however, distinguishes the Havilah that serves as one of the boundaries of Ishmaelite territory from all other places named Havilah, with the qualifying phrase "by Shur, which is close to Egypt" (Gen. 25:18). The correspondence is mainly concerned with diplomatic marriages. . The first Kassite dynast who ruled Babylonia was Burnaburia I, the tenth king of the Babylonian King List (Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 467), but the possibility that his predecessor, Agum-kakrime (Agum II), already controlled Babylon cannot be excluded (see Podany, 2002, p. 59). The longest lasting of several Babylonian dynasties, the Kassites held the region between the Tigris and Euphrates in what is now Iraq for over 400 years. Hittite, member of an ancient Indo-European people who appeared in Anatolia at the beginning of the 2nd millennium bce; by 1340 bce they had become one of the dominant powers of the Middle East. Already at that time they could purchase land and acted as officials, especially in horse breeding (Heinz, 1995, p. 167). The governor of Nippur was in charge of an economic organization, which collected numerous agricultural deliveries and imposts from broad parts of Babylonia. Mid-12th Century. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. 1496 BCE, i.e., just three years after its fall, if to rely upon the evidence of the texts from Tall Muammad (for their onomasticon, see Zadok, 1994, p. 48a; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. What Really Happened Between Ruth and Boaz On The Threshing Floor. D. R. Frayne, Old Babylonian Period(2003-1595 BC), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. to 540 B.C. But the Kassites resumed control of Babylonia thanks to Elamite pressure and a successful Babylonian rebellion. A. Possible traces of Kassites in Iranian nomenclature are negligible, for instance, Kagn, Kaakn < Kaaka@n, i.e., possibly "land of the Kassites" in Iran (see Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135). The detestable worship of Baals and sun/moon gods is documented even within the circumstantial Amarna Letters. Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. The demise of the Kassite dynasty was caused mainly by external factors. Kraus on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, Studia Francisci Scholten memoriae dicata 5, Leiden, 1982, pp. This time period is the same time period we read about in Joshua and Judges (though, some scholars disagree on the exodus timing). Idem, A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia, Analecta Orientalia 43, Rome, 1968. Political Interactions between Kassite Babylonia and Assyria, Egypt and atti during the Amarna Age". 19-38. ; Nashef, 1982, pp. The 9th year name of king Samsu-iluna (17491712 BC) of Babylon, the son of Hammurabi mentions them ie. Volume 1 Kardunia. Once they made it to Babylon, they managed to defeat the weakened Babylonian city state and set themselves up as rulers. 11, no. 1, 1989, pp. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. However, Elams raids caused the demise of the Kassite dynasty in 1150 BCE (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. The Kassites hardly penetrated the fields where acquaintance with the scribal art was required. Museum, British. The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: We can learn about the society where the ancient Israelites, and later Jesus and the Apostles, lived through the modern discoveries that provide us clues. Historical records indicate that the remaining Kassiste people eventually migrated back to their homeland in modern day Iran and were conquered ruled by the Greeks under Alexander the Great. The Kassites took refuge in the mountains but were brought down and resettled, in standard Assyrian practice, in Hardispi and Bit Kubatti, which were made part of the Arrapha district. 86 ff.). A general or Prince called Tuthmoses (later just Moses) whose adopted mother named him after herself, Ahmose was Pharoah of Egypt with his adopted mother mother for a time and may have even been Pharoah by himself as Ahmose I. Ahmose II was most likely the Pharoah of the Exodus. "Ur in the Kassite Period". The emergence of Assyria as a world power under Aur-uballi caused Burnaburia II to marry Aur-uballis daughter as his main wife. Ramose was her father. 2134, 1953, T. Clayden. Some lexicographers associate the "land of Cush" of Genesis 2:13 with the Kassites (Akkadian, kassu ), a people of the plateau of central Asia mentioned in ancient cuneiform inscriptions but whose history remains quite obscure. Either way, the Amarna texts (#287-290) give an excellent insight into the turmoil that was going on around the same time that Joshua marched into the land. The Babylonian Kudurru Inscriptions and their Legal and Sociohistorical Implications". Since they had chariots, they were not nomadic, but were fully settled in segregated rural encampments. 411 f.) is of the opinion that they penetrated from the central Zagros via the lower Diyala region into northern Babylonia, notably the Sippar region during the late Old Babylonian period. Bible History - C. 1404-1062 BC From the beginning, we have great leaders of the people such as Abraham, Joseph, Moses, and Joshua. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. [53] Kassite pottery deposits have been found as far away as Al Khor Island in the Persian Gulf area. A. Ancillotti, La lingua dei Cassiti, Milan, 1981. Idem, Kassiten, RlA 5, 1976-1980, pp. It was discovered in 1896 and is stored in the Cairo Museum currently. Their main project was the foundation of a new capital, named Dr-Kurigalzu Kurigalzus fortress (this type of place name is common in second- and early first-millennium Babylonia, where the initial component precedes a Kassite anthroponym (e.g., Agum and Burra-sah, Nashef, 1982, pp. 124, no. F. H. Weissbach, he Kissa, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE 21, 1921, pp. 1, pp. 131 f.). The Incredible Bible - First in the BKA Series. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. Updates? 470 f.; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. del Monte and Tischler, 1978, p. 344; Belmonte Marn, 2001, pp. : Die Kassiten, in K. Bartl, R. Bernbeck, and M. Heinz, eds., Zwischen Euphrat und Indus. 1 The Assyrian Empire. Around 1500 BC. Babylonia was recognized as a great power by the other Near Eastern powers, namely, its neighbors and Egypt, according to the Amarna correspondence. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. However, I dont think that Ahmose IIs stele tells the story. Related Content Most of the documentation (ca. (a)the invention of monotheism (b)implementing political reforms that harmed the majority of egyptians. 1-44, van Koppen, Frans. 263 f. with lit.). The origin of the Kassites is uncertain, though a number of theories have been advanced. 39:1-45:5 - the most detailed account in the Old Testament of Babylon conquest of Jerusalem and its aftermath. After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, two new empires rose to power. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. 224 f.). It is important to know that many of the cities of Canaan that were mentioned in the Bible have now undergone excavations. 2, 2021, pp. In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. 469 f.; Dosch and Deller, 1981), as well as in Middle Assyrian documents (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 470; cf. There is only soft evidence about whether or not the Habiru are actually the Hebrews. K. Balkan (1986, pp. During this time, in the 1300s bce, Assyria broke away from Babylonia. Elamites and Assyrians attack Babylonia. Babylon under Kassite rulers, who renamed the city Karanduniash, re-emerged as a political and military power in Mesopotamia. W. De Smet, Kashsh in Old-Babylonian Documents, Akkadica 68, 1990, pp. bukaum), who received envoys of the king of Halaba (very probably Aleppo) in his encampment, was perhaps a contemporary of Samsiluna (see Podany, 2002, p. 49). Agum the prince (? "The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity". Last modified August 03, 2011. By the 14th century BCE, the Kassites controlled the whole of Babylonia, including the Diyala region. The Interpreter's Commentary on the Bible p. 5. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty examines the impact the Kassites had on the region. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. (Deuteronomy 12:31 NIV). In addition, they had neither cultic nor familial ties with the northern Babylonian temple cities (see Richardson, 2002, pp. history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia. [12] Several tablets dated to the reign of Agum III were found at the Dilmun site of Qal'at al-Bahrain. There is not a single connected text in the Kassite language. 160 f.; also > Kunu-; cf. 45-92, Pinches, T. G. The Question of the Kassite Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1907, pp. 58 f., 65 f.; cf. What is the meaning of AD, BC, BCE and CE? The commonly held opinion that they originated from the Zagros mountains east of Babylonia (see, e.g., Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Heinz, 1995, p. 167) is based on the assumption that their geographical distribution before they took over the Babylonian alluvium was the same as their distribution after the demise of the Kassite rule in Babylonia. 45363, Koppen, Frans van. The Kassites seem to be relatively new to the region, in view of the fact that they do not appear among the peoples who inhabited the central and southern Zagros according to Sargonic and Ur III sources. All the Kassite rulers up to Katilya IV inclusive bore Kassite names, the only exception being Kudur-Enlil, whose first component is not originally Akkadian but Elamite (cf. 3, 1982, pp. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). For a time I said I was an atheist. 54, 1992, pp. A Kassite Cylinder Seal from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. [20] Other important centers during the Kassite period were Larsa, Sippar and Susa. Volume 1 Kardunia. The Kassites influenced Babylonian culture after they took over the city-state. [56], Seals were used widely across the Near Eastern kingdoms during the Kassite rule. According to history, what we do know is that they first appeared as a military force in the time of Samsuiluna (1749-1712 BC), Hammurapi's successor, but that is all we know about them until the time that they established a dynasty in Babylonia, around 1595 BC. Kassites eventually depose him, but damage has been done to the irrigation system. Important sources for reconstructing the Kassite Dynasty are kudurrus. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. Sassmannshausen (1999, pp. van Soldt Grammatical Irregularities in Middle Babylonian Texts and their Chronology 165 Helen Malko The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity 177 Odette Boivin The Palace as Economic Production . This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Scholars today are still debating the historical identity of the Cushites. XVI, Fasc. Paper, 1956, p. 252). 163-69). They acted along with palatial and temple ones (see Edens, 1994, pp. Gezer has been captured; Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that this may be just an accident of documentation. The third people group is thought be Israel. 20, 2010, pp. What type of medicine do you put on a burn? Read Ahmose Is stelae and read Ahmose IIs stelas the second stelae abruptly ends only halfway through at the Red Sea after chasing a race of people through what sounds exactly like the Exodus route. The anonymity of most of the Kassites in late Old Babylonian sources is not greatly remedied by the new occurrences from the unpublished texts evaluated by Richardson (2002, pp. 1360 to 1220 BCE. 41, no. More could be said about archaeology and the conquest of Canaan but for the sake of this post I will not include everything. Kassites held important positions in the state sector as late as Nab-mukn-aplis reign (978-943 BCE). This was followed by Dynasty II of Isin (1169-1039 b.c. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. v. Kassite toponyms refer to three polities in western Media, viz., Nahi-marti, Bt-Kilamzah, and Bt-Kubatti. 925, Yaln, Serdar. In letter #108, Rib-Hadda gives praises to Baal and also Samas in the sky. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. L. Sassmannshausen, The Adaptation of the Kassites to the Babylonian Civilization, in K. van Lerberghe and G. Voet, eds., Languages and Cultures in Contact. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Why are Genesis 10 and 11 "significant" chapters? Isin in the Kassite Period". Over the centuries, however, the Kassites were absorbed into the Babylonian population. [55] Other similar glass dated 1500 BC was found at Tell al-Rimah. At the peak of their power the Kassites, under Kurigalzu I in the mid 14h century BC, conquered Elam and sacked the capital of Susa. 1-19. Thank you! A number of the Amarna Letters are correspondence between the respective rulers (including 14 between the Pharaoh and the Kassite ruler). Trustees of the British Museum. After the Hittites' surgeon Babylon, the Kassites, coming from the North, North-East, settled in Babylon and founded their dynasty by Agum. 1, 2006, pp. Babylonian Royal Land Grants, Memorials of Financial Interest, and Invocation of the Divine. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. Early Periods, 4. Kassite Dynasty (List of Kings) Gandash, 16 years Agum I (s), 22 years 1400 BCE, the accession of the Kassite king Kara-inda (comparing El Amarna letter 10). Idem, Hurrians as Well as Individuals Bearing Hurrian and Strange Names in Sumerian Sources, in A. F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, and M. Sigrist, eds., Kinatttu a drti. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". 42-122, 2022, Buchanan, Briggs. As semi-nomads the Kassites were organized in family and tribal units. 43 f.; cf. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. Kassites and Assyrians. The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. ), in O. Lipschits and J. Blenkinsopp, eds., Judah and Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Winona Lake, 2003, pp. of Balkan, Kassitenstudien, JNES 15, 1956, pp. Click here to find out more about this unique and fun Bible study tool! Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. The monument mostly speaks of military victories over Egypts enemies. The texts are unclear about who the Apiru/Hapiru/Habiru people are. 1499-1503. This region became increasingly unsafe, especially during the reign of Samsuditana, the last ruler of the Hammurabi dynasty. MOSAIC GLASS FROM HASANLU, MARLIK, AND TELL AL-RIMAH. Journal of Glass Studies, vol. 04 Mar 2023. Volume 2 Kardunia. 11119, Pedersn, Olof. Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. "17. Kassites played a central role in the military. The Sealand, which was ruled by another dynasty perhaps since the demise of Babylons rule in the south, was incorporated into Babylonia in ca. A man named Tobiah the Ammonite is mentioned in Nehemiah 2:19 at the end of the Old Testament period (400s BC). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. The Semitic mind of the Bible could see that universality connoted in the phrase 'for many'. 88 f.). First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, Edzard, Jasubigallja, in RlA V, 1976-80, p. 271a. World History Encyclopedia, 03 Aug 2011. [6] As was typical in the region, there was some cross pollination with other religions. Balkan, 1954, pp. 11, No. Edens 1994, p. 213), the Kassite rulers reconstructed old cities in various parts of the country. Selected by Choice as an "Outstanding Academic Book of 1996" and now extensively revised, the Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, co-published by Eerdmans and Brill, is the only major reference work describing the gods, angels, demons, spirits, and semidivine heroes found in Scripture.Written by 100 leading experts in the field, the more than 400 alphabetically arranged articles . The Elamites went on to take Babylon up till Hammurabi around 1700 BC. 31217, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosI." They conquered lands in Mesopotamia and in what is now Turkey. "Ur:" The Kassite Period and the Period of the Assyrian Kings"." The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The Chaldeans in the Bible The Chaldeans may be best known from the Bible. Charpin, 1995). 1-14. Gasche et al. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. A. Brinkman (1976-80, p. 465a) and W. De Smet (1990, p. 11) point out that the earliest evidence for Kassites is from northern Babylonia and west of it, viz., the Middle Euphrates and Alalah VII (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 466b). The names of some Kassite deities are known. The Early Kassite Period". Bill T. Arnold. Most belong to the archives of the guenna (provincial governor) of the city of Nippur and seem to indicate a feudal system of government during the 14th and 13th centuries. 125-145, Potts, Daniel T. (1999). 1570 or 1560 BCE; see Zadok, 1999-2000, pp. They had some distinct words for their language, but they borrowed most of their dialect from the Babylonian people. 4 Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? Their rule helped to shape many different aspects of the culture and religion was one major area where it was experienced the most. The cities of Ashkelon and Gezer were Philistine territory that werent fully conquered by Israel. Kassites. It was written plain as day in the Egyptian language. (Kassites). Christians have historically spoken of the Bible as being divided into the "Old" and the "New" testaments. Thank you for your help! Christ was descended from Abraham. 354 f.). The first person that came close was Thomas Edison and I thought wow Im a genius. 283304, Armstrong, James A.. "15. kudurru). The last two toponyms are mentioned in Sennaheribs 8th campaign against the Kassites and Yasubigalleans (see Edzard, 1976-80, p. 271a). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. 12.000 tablets, mostly unpublished) from the Kassite period is contained in an administrative archive which was excavated in Nippur and covers the period from ca. It is possible that the Habiru in the Amarna Letters are a mix of Hebrews from Egypt and also local rebels from the previous Hebrew peoples, like Abraham was. (2011, August 03). . [31] The most notable of these efforts was the construction of a new city, Dur-Kuirgalzu. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. A.. "The Names of the Last Eight Kings of the Kassite Dynasty" Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archologie, vol. 10, 1980, pp. Coss(a)ei, Cossiaei, etc., i.e., Kassites (along with he Kissa as the name of the Kassites country; see Weissbach, 1921, 1922; Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135; Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 471b). Who were the kassites in the Bible? The only named ruler of Bt-Hamban bore the Kassite anthroponym (originally title) Ianz. After acting as king of Babylon for a year (1220 BCE), Tukulti-Ninurta I appointed a succession of puppet rulers, who controlled Babylonia for a decade. Brill, pp. "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign." The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation. The Assyrians were great warriors. All the mayors have Babylonian names. They were the Babylonians in the south and the Assyrians to the north. Kassites are recorded in Nuzi during the 15th century BCE (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. If we reference this ancient trade route map it will show us where the Kassites (Semitic people, Akkad, pdf; Akkadian, pdf) once lived, in the mountains east of Mesopotamia.
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kassites in the bible